Seminar, four hours. Preparation: one year of graduate coursework. In past two decades there have been four respiratory pandemics. While COVID-19 led to most devastating health and economic consequences, threat it presented is not unique. Climate change and environmental degradation, increasing encroachment on animal habitats are together increasing rate of emerging disease outbreaks. In nearly every case, pandemics have highlighted and been worsened by underlying health, social, and economic inequalities. Focus on what can be done to address underlying inequalities, as well as what can be done to improve response to simultaneous health, economic, and social crises. Students learn comparative policy methods, analyze area of particular interest, and study what approaches states and countries have taken in the past and impact of these approaches. S/U or letter grading.