(Formerly numbered 168.) Lecture, two hours; laboratory, two hours. Enforced requisite: course 7. Extension of basic concepts presented in course 7. How geographic and spatial analyses inform, integrate, and extend scientific inquiry in physical, life, and social sciences. Discussion of range of decisions and critical judgments necessary to carry out sound spatial analyses. Development of technical proficiency within geographic information systems (GIS) environment. P/NP or letter grading.