Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour. Requisite: course 400. Recommended requisites: courses 401, 402, 403, 404, 405. Limited to Master of Applied Statistics students. Variety of designs and methods, including experiments, matching, regression, panel methods, difference-in-differences, synthetic control methods, instrumental variable estimation, regression discontinuity designs, and sensitivity analysis. Basic skills from probability and statistics. Applications drawn from various fields including political science, public policy, economics, and sociology. Skills developed apply to any discipline in which investigators seeks to make causal statements but cannot fully randomize treatment. Letter grading.