Lecture, three hours; outside study, nine hours. Enforced requisite: course 229A. Limited to PhD students. Continued narrowing of student focus on one social welfare research problem, moving from understanding of evolution and context of general problem to more detailed and intensive review of research literature on specific researchable question to deepen student understanding of existing knowledge on topic and begin to identify one or more critical gaps in knowledge to explore. Discussion of different methods of summarizing research literatures, identifying seminal studies, and interpreting contradictory findings. Regular meetings to discuss ongoing work and to encourage students to review their work with their faculty advisers and/or other mentors with expertise in their problem areas. Letter grading.