Seminar, four hours; outside study, eight hours. Enforced requisite: course C237A. Study of various programming language designs, from computing history and research literature, that attempt to address problems of software systems that are bloated, buggy, and difficult to maintain and extend despite trend in computing toward ever higher levels of abstraction for programming. Hands-on experience designing, prototyping, and evaluating new languages, language abstractions, and/or programming environments. Concurrently scheduled with course C137B. Letter grading.