(Same as Anthropology M128R and Society and Genetics M140.) Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour. Examination of hormones, and physiology and genetics involved in hormonal processes and function. Interactions among hormonal levels, environmental stimuli, and behavior. Sexual behavior, pregnancy, and lactation, parental behavior, development and emigration, stress, social behavior, dominance relationships, aggression, chemical communication, and reproductive suppression. Critique of primary literature on behavioral endocrinology about humans and other species. Consideration of spectrum of noninvasive to highly invasive endocrine sampling methods, and which types of questions can be answered in laboratory and field, as well as ethics of hormonal studies and their implications for humans and other animals. Letter grading.