Lecture, three or four hours; discussion, one hour (when scheduled). Regularities in language used to talk or write about politics across states preceding emergence of universal adult franchises. Problems of collective action in oppression, contribution of shared identities to organizing collective action, role of discourse in cueing awareness of shared identity, evidence across time and space of association between discursive distancing and undemocratic rule (monarchy, exclusive republics, dictatorship). Letter grading.