Lecture, three hours; laboratory, one hour. Requisite: courses 11, 103. Corequisite: course 181. Empirical analysis requiring application of material from corresponding lecture course to selected historical issues, such as Malthusian theory, Industrial Revolution, demographic transition, formation and persistence of institutions and organizations, World Wars, and development of Europe during 1950s and 1960s. Hands-on data collection and problem solving and presentation of student analyses in writing. P/NP or letter grading.